When a child feels excluded, they experience a sense of being left out, unwanted, or rejected by others. This feeling is closely connected to fear, as the child may worry about being alone, abandoned, or not fitting in with their peers. Exclusion can be particularly painful for children, as their social connections and sense of belonging are crucial to their emotional well-being and development.
In children who have experienced trauma, the feeling of exclusion can trigger a heightened stress response in the brain. The amygdala, which is responsible for processing emotions and detecting threats, may become hyperactive, leading to increased anxiety and fear. Additionally, the prefrontal cortex, which helps regulate emotions and behavior, may be less developed in children with trauma histories, making it more difficult for them to cope with and manage their feelings of exclusion. As a result, these children may manifest their distress through various behaviors, such as withdrawing from social situations, displaying aggression or anger, or seeking excessive reassurance from adults. They may also struggle with self-esteem, have difficulty trusting others, and develop a negative self-image, believing that they are unworthy of love and acceptance.
The Heartbreak of Exclusion: How Being Left Out Scars Children
For children, the pain of exclusion can be particularly acute, as their social connections and sense of belonging are vital pillars in their emotional well-being and overall development. Tragically, for children who have endured trauma, the feeling of exclusion can trigger a heightened stress response in the brain, leading to a cascade of emotional and behavioral challenges that can have far-reaching consequences.
Exclusion: How Children's Brains React to Social Rejection
Healing the Pain of Social Exclusion: A Wagon Method Approach
When a child from a difficult background seems to be Excluded, it can be a deeply painful and isolating experience that impacts their sense of safety, stability, belonging, and self-worth. Through the lens of the Wagon Method, we can understand the complex emotions and challenges the child may be facing, and the importance of providing them with compassionate, attuned support to help them navigate this difficult terrain.
The child's experience of Exclusion may feel like Rough Terrain, an emotional and mental challenge that makes their healing journey more arduous and painful. They may grapple with feelings of rejection, loneliness, and inadequacy, questioning their place in the world and their value as a person. This Rough Terrain can put a strain on their Wheels of Well-being, shaking their sense of safety, stability, and identity.
Exclusion can also feel like a Hostile Encounter, a negative experience that undermines the child's trust, self-esteem, and ability to form connections. It may trigger memories of past traumas or reinforce negative beliefs about themselves and others. The child may feel vulnerable, exposed, and unsure of how to protect themselves from further hurt.
In this difficult moment, the child needs their Advocates and Nurturing Network more than ever. They need caring adults who can provide emotional support, validation, and reassurance. They need help to process their feelings, challenge negative self-talk, and find healthy ways to cope. They need reminders that they are loved, valued, and worthy of belonging, even when they feel excluded.
The Advocates can also help the child build skills for navigating social challenges and building positive relationships. They may teach assertiveness, conflict resolution, or social skills, helping the child feel more equipped to handle difficult situations. They may also advocate for the child, working to create more inclusive, welcoming environments and addressing any bullying or discrimination.
The child's Grounded Experiences can provide important context for understanding their reaction to Exclusion. Past experiences of rejection, abandonment, or betrayal may make them more sensitive to perceived slights or quick to withdraw from others. Advocates can help the child process these experiences, build self-awareness, and develop a more balanced, adaptive perspective.
At the same time, it's crucial to help the child access positive Grounded Experiences that counteract the pain of Exclusion. This may involve facilitating connections with supportive peers, engaging them in activities where they feel competent and valued, or helping them remember times when they felt included and loved. By expanding their repository of positive experiences, we can help them build resilience and a more stable sense of self.
The journey of healing from Exclusion is not a straight path, but a winding trail with ups and downs. The child may need ongoing support, patience, and understanding as they work to regain their footing and continue their journey. But with the help of their Advocates and Nurturing Network, they can find their way back to a sense of safety, belonging, and hope.
Ultimately, the experience of Exclusion, while painful, can also be an opportunity for growth and resilience-building. By providing the right support and resources, we can help the child learn to navigate social challenges, assert their needs, and build healthy relationships. We can help them find their inner strength, their unique gifts, and their place in the world. And we can remind them that no matter what obstacles they face, they are never alone on their healing journey - they have a whole wagon train of support, cheering them on and walking alongside them every step of the way.
The child's experience of Exclusion may feel like Rough Terrain, an emotional and mental challenge that makes their healing journey more arduous and painful. They may grapple with feelings of rejection, loneliness, and inadequacy, questioning their place in the world and their value as a person. This Rough Terrain can put a strain on their Wheels of Well-being, shaking their sense of safety, stability, and identity.
Exclusion can also feel like a Hostile Encounter, a negative experience that undermines the child's trust, self-esteem, and ability to form connections. It may trigger memories of past traumas or reinforce negative beliefs about themselves and others. The child may feel vulnerable, exposed, and unsure of how to protect themselves from further hurt.
In this difficult moment, the child needs their Advocates and Nurturing Network more than ever. They need caring adults who can provide emotional support, validation, and reassurance. They need help to process their feelings, challenge negative self-talk, and find healthy ways to cope. They need reminders that they are loved, valued, and worthy of belonging, even when they feel excluded.
The Advocates can also help the child build skills for navigating social challenges and building positive relationships. They may teach assertiveness, conflict resolution, or social skills, helping the child feel more equipped to handle difficult situations. They may also advocate for the child, working to create more inclusive, welcoming environments and addressing any bullying or discrimination.
The child's Grounded Experiences can provide important context for understanding their reaction to Exclusion. Past experiences of rejection, abandonment, or betrayal may make them more sensitive to perceived slights or quick to withdraw from others. Advocates can help the child process these experiences, build self-awareness, and develop a more balanced, adaptive perspective.
At the same time, it's crucial to help the child access positive Grounded Experiences that counteract the pain of Exclusion. This may involve facilitating connections with supportive peers, engaging them in activities where they feel competent and valued, or helping them remember times when they felt included and loved. By expanding their repository of positive experiences, we can help them build resilience and a more stable sense of self.
The journey of healing from Exclusion is not a straight path, but a winding trail with ups and downs. The child may need ongoing support, patience, and understanding as they work to regain their footing and continue their journey. But with the help of their Advocates and Nurturing Network, they can find their way back to a sense of safety, belonging, and hope.
Ultimately, the experience of Exclusion, while painful, can also be an opportunity for growth and resilience-building. By providing the right support and resources, we can help the child learn to navigate social challenges, assert their needs, and build healthy relationships. We can help them find their inner strength, their unique gifts, and their place in the world. And we can remind them that no matter what obstacles they face, they are never alone on their healing journey - they have a whole wagon train of support, cheering them on and walking alongside them every step of the way.
List of Services
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Anxious Anxious children live constantly on high alert, are consumed by a relentless stream of worries and fears that rob them of the carefree joys of childhood. The invisible weight of anxiety bears down upon them, manifesting in physical symptoms that leave them trembling, sweating, and gasping for air. For some of these children, the roots of their anxiety can be traced back to the dark soil of trauma, where painful experiences have left indelible marks on their developing brains, forever altering the way they perceive and respond to the world around them.Anxious
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Embarrassed Have you ever felt your cheeks burn with self-conscious emotion, wishing you could disappear into thin air? This complex emotion emerges when a child perceives themselves as exposed, whether it's due to a mistake made in front of others, being singled out, or failing to meet social expectations. Embarrassment plays a crucial role in a child's development, helping them navigate the intricate web of social norms and boundaries, but for those who have experienced trauma, this feeling can be amplified to an overwhelming degree.Embarrassed
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Excluded For children, the pain of exclusion can be particularly acute, as their social connections and sense of belonging are vital pillars in their emotional well-being and overall development. Tragically, for children who have endured trauma, the feeling of exclusion can trigger a heightened stress response in the brain, leading to a cascade of emotional and behavioral challenges that can have far-reaching consequences.Excluded
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Fearful Fearful children may startle easily, struggle to separate from their caregivers, and avoid situations or objects that they perceive as threatening, leading to significant challenges in their social and emotional development. Understanding the underlying causes of fearfulness, such as traumatic experiences that can alter brain development and heighten the sensitivity of the threat response system, is crucial for providing effective support and interventions to help these children overcome their fears and thrive.Fearful
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Frightened When a child is frightened, their world is suddenly turned upside down by an overwhelming sense of terror and vulnerability. The physical and emotional responses that accompany this intense fear can be both distressing and all-consuming, leaving the child feeling helpless and desperate for safety. For children who have experienced trauma, the fear response can be even more severe, easily triggered by reminders of past traumatic events. Trauma-informed parenting approaches aim to provide a safe haven for these children, offering understanding, stability, and nurturing support to help them navigate their fears and begin the journey towards emotional healing.Frightened
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Insecure In the face of life's uncertainties, some children find themselves grappling with an all-consuming sense of insecurity that permeates their very being. This insecurity, a relentless companion, whispers doubts about their worth, abilities, and the stability of their relationships, leaving them in a constant state of unease. The roots of this insecurity often lie in the soil of past traumas, where the fear of abandonment, rejection, or failure has taken hold, casting a shadow over their young lives.Insecure
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Nervous Nervousness, a close companion of fear, grips children in its unsettling embrace, causing their hearts to race and their minds to wrestle with worries both real and imagined. This uneasy emotion can spring from various sources, from the unfamiliarity of new surroundings to the anticipation of a daunting challenge, leaving children with sweaty palms and a fluttering sensation in their stomachs. For those who have experienced trauma, the amygdala – the brain's emotional processing center – becomes hyperactive, heightening their sensitivity to potential threats and leaving them more susceptible to the clutches of nervousness. Trauma's lingering impact can manifest in heightened anxiety, emotional reactivity, and difficulty regulating emotions, leading children to cope through avoidance or aggression as they navigate the turbulent waters of their nervous feelings.Nervous
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Panic For children who have experienced trauma, this state of panic can be easily triggered by even the smallest of stressors, as their brain's threat detection system has become hypersensitive due to the lasting impact of their past experiences. Trauma-informed parenting is crucial in helping these children navigate their panic and fear, providing them with a safe haven where they can feel validated, supported, and empowered to develop the coping skills needed to tame their inner demons.Panic
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Regret For children who have experienced trauma, regret can be particularly intense, as they may grapple with feelings of self-blame, worthlessness, or helplessness, which can be further compounded by the heightened activity in the amygdala, leading to increased anxiety and stress. The manifestation of regret in children who have experienced trauma can take many forms, such as excessive apologizing, self-criticism, withdrawal, or seeking reassurance, as they navigate the challenges of trust and forming healthy relationships while fearing the prospect of causing disappointment or being abandoned.Regret
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Scared Fear is a powerful emotion that can grip a child's heart and mind, leaving them feeling vulnerable and unsure in the face of perceived danger. When a child is scared, their world suddenly becomes a place filled with shadows and uncertainty, where every unfamiliar sound or sight could potentially harm them. This intense experience is a natural response hardwired into their developing brains, designed to protect them from threats both real and imagined. By understanding the complexities of a child's fear response, we can better support them through these challenging moments and help them build the resilience needed to navigate an often-unpredictable world.Scared
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Shy Shyness in children is a perplexing phenomenon that can leave parents and caregivers feeling helpless and concerned. These children, often characterized by their reluctance to engage in social situations and their tendency to seek refuge behind familiar faces, are not merely introverted or reserved. Rather, their behavior is rooted in a deep-seated fear of the unknown, a trepidation that can be traced back to the intricate workings of their developing brains. While shyness is a common part of childhood development, it can be amplified by traumatic experiences, leading to a more pronounced and persistent form of social anxiety.Shy
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Terrified In a world where childhood should be filled with laughter and joy, the reality for some children is a stark contrast, as they find themselves gripped by an all-consuming terror. When a child is terrified, their world becomes a frightening place, where even the most ordinary experiences can trigger an overwhelming sense of fear and distress. This intense emotional state can manifest in a range of physical and emotional responses, from uncontrollable shaking and crying to a desperate need for safety and protection. The impact of terror on a child's developing brain can be profound, leaving lasting imprints that shape their emotional and behavioral well-being for years to come.Terrified
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Worried When a child is trapped in a cycle of worry, their young mind becomes consumed by a relentless undercurrent of unease and fear. This emotional whirlpool can be especially turbulent for children who have endured the scars of trauma, as their brains have been rewired to perceive threats lurking around every corner. The weight of these worries can manifest in myriad ways, from clinging tightly to caregivers for reassurance to avoiding situations that trigger their deepest fears. Trapped in this storm of anxiety, these children often struggle to find solace, their days haunted by the specter of "what if" scenarios that rob them of the carefree joys of childhood.Worried
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Disconnected In a world where connection is the foundation of human thriving, the state of disconnection in a child is a haunting reality that demands our attention. When a child feels emotionally distant, detached, and isolated from others, they are often trapped in a vortex of fear, their young minds grappling with the aftershocks of trauma that have shattered their sense of safety and trust. The very essence of their being is torn asunder, as they withdraw from the warmth of social interactions, their hearts yearning for close bonds that seem forever out of reach, and their emotions locked away in a fortress of silence. The echoes of their pain reverberate through their brain, a symphony of hyperactivity in the amygdala and impairment in the hippocampus, manifesting in a kaleidoscope of emotional outbursts, aggression, clinginess, or extreme shyness, a testament to the depth of their struggle to process and cope with the weight of their experiences.Disconnected
Related Fearful
The Story of feeling Excluded
A Orphan's Journey: Finding Belonging on the Oregon Trail
As the wagon train trudged along the dusty Oregon Trail, young Sarah sat silently in the back of her family's covered wagon. She gazed out at the vast, unfamiliar landscape, feeling a deep sense of loneliness and exclusion.
Sarah had been taken in by the Johnson family after her own parents had succumbed to cholera early on in the journey. The Johnsons were kind, but Sarah couldn't help but feel like an outsider among them. Their own children, Matthew and Elizabeth, had grown up together and shared a bond that Sarah could never quite penetrate.
As the days wore on, Sarah found herself increasingly isolated. When the wagon train made camp for the night, the other children would play games and tell stories around the campfire, but Sarah always felt like she was on the periphery, never quite belonging.
One evening, as the laughter and chatter of the other children drifted over to where Sarah sat alone, she couldn't hold back her tears any longer. She buried her face in her hands, her small shoulders shaking with silent sobs.
Suddenly, she felt a gentle hand on her shoulder. Looking up, she saw Mrs. Johnson gazing down at her with a look of concern. "What's wrong, dear?" she asked softly, sitting down beside Sarah.
At first, Sarah was reluctant to share her feelings, but Mrs. Johnson's kind, patient presence drew the words out of her. "I just feel so... so left out," Sarah confessed, her voice barely above a whisper. "Like I don't belong here, with all of you."
Mrs. Johnson was silent for a moment, considering Sarah's words. Then, she spoke gently, "Sarah, I know it's been hard for you, losing your parents and having to join a new family. But I want you to know that you do belong here, with us. We may not be the family you were born into, but we care for you just the same."
Sarah looked up at Mrs. Johnson, her eyes wide with a mixture of hope and uncertainty. "Really?" she asked.
"Really," Mrs. Johnson confirmed, drawing Sarah into a warm embrace. "You're a part of our family now, Sarah, and that means you'll never be alone."
As Mrs. Johnson held her close, Sarah felt a glimmer of hope begin to chase away the shadows of exclusion that had haunted her for so long. She knew that the road ahead would still be difficult, but for the first time since her parents had passed, she felt like she truly belonged somewhere.
Over the following weeks, Mrs. Johnson made a special effort to include Sarah in the family's activities. She taught Sarah how to knead dough for bread, showed her how to stitch a quilt, and encouraged Matthew and Elizabeth to include Sarah in their games.
Slowly but surely, Sarah began to feel less like an outsider and more like a true member of the Johnson family. The pain of her past would never fully fade, but with the love and acceptance of her new family, Sarah found the strength to look forward to a brighter future on the western frontier.
Sarah had been taken in by the Johnson family after her own parents had succumbed to cholera early on in the journey. The Johnsons were kind, but Sarah couldn't help but feel like an outsider among them. Their own children, Matthew and Elizabeth, had grown up together and shared a bond that Sarah could never quite penetrate.
As the days wore on, Sarah found herself increasingly isolated. When the wagon train made camp for the night, the other children would play games and tell stories around the campfire, but Sarah always felt like she was on the periphery, never quite belonging.
One evening, as the laughter and chatter of the other children drifted over to where Sarah sat alone, she couldn't hold back her tears any longer. She buried her face in her hands, her small shoulders shaking with silent sobs.
Suddenly, she felt a gentle hand on her shoulder. Looking up, she saw Mrs. Johnson gazing down at her with a look of concern. "What's wrong, dear?" she asked softly, sitting down beside Sarah.
At first, Sarah was reluctant to share her feelings, but Mrs. Johnson's kind, patient presence drew the words out of her. "I just feel so... so left out," Sarah confessed, her voice barely above a whisper. "Like I don't belong here, with all of you."
Mrs. Johnson was silent for a moment, considering Sarah's words. Then, she spoke gently, "Sarah, I know it's been hard for you, losing your parents and having to join a new family. But I want you to know that you do belong here, with us. We may not be the family you were born into, but we care for you just the same."
Sarah looked up at Mrs. Johnson, her eyes wide with a mixture of hope and uncertainty. "Really?" she asked.
"Really," Mrs. Johnson confirmed, drawing Sarah into a warm embrace. "You're a part of our family now, Sarah, and that means you'll never be alone."
As Mrs. Johnson held her close, Sarah felt a glimmer of hope begin to chase away the shadows of exclusion that had haunted her for so long. She knew that the road ahead would still be difficult, but for the first time since her parents had passed, she felt like she truly belonged somewhere.
Over the following weeks, Mrs. Johnson made a special effort to include Sarah in the family's activities. She taught Sarah how to knead dough for bread, showed her how to stitch a quilt, and encouraged Matthew and Elizabeth to include Sarah in their games.
Slowly but surely, Sarah began to feel less like an outsider and more like a true member of the Johnson family. The pain of her past would never fully fade, but with the love and acceptance of her new family, Sarah found the strength to look forward to a brighter future on the western frontier.
The Story Explained Through the Wagon Method
Navigating the Oregon Trail with Nurturing Networks
In this story, Sarah, a young child who has experienced significant loss and trauma, is grappling with the painful experience of exclusion as she joins a new family on the Oregon Trail. Through the lens of the Wagon Method, we can understand the complex emotions and challenges Sarah may be facing, and the importance of providing her with compassionate, attuned support to help her navigate this difficult terrain.
Sarah's experience of exclusion likely feels like Rough Terrain, an emotional and mental challenge that makes her healing journey more arduous and painful. She may be struggling with intense feelings of loneliness, rejection, and inadequacy, questioning her place in the world and her value as a person. This Rough Terrain can put a significant strain on Sarah's Wheels of Well-being, shaking her sense of safety, stability, love and acceptance, and identity and value.
The loss of her parents and the subsequent exclusion from her new family may also feel like a series of Hostile Encounters, negative experiences that undermine Sarah's trust, self-esteem, and ability to form connections. These experiences may trigger painful memories of her past trauma and reinforce negative beliefs about herself and her relationships. Sarah may feel vulnerable, exposed, and unsure of how to protect herself from further hurt.
In this challenging moment, Sarah desperately needs her Advocates and Nurturing Network. Mrs. Johnson's kind, patient presence and willingness to sit with Sarah in her pain is a powerful example of the attuned, responsive care that is so essential for helping children navigate the Rough Terrain of exclusion. By validating Sarah's feelings, offering reassurance of her belonging, and advocating for her needs within the family, Mrs. Johnson helps to create a safe, supportive environment where Sarah can begin to process her emotions and experiences.
Over time, Mrs. Johnson's consistent efforts to include Sarah in family activities and nurture her unique strengths and interests may help to counteract the negative impact of exclusion on Sarah's Wheels of Well-being. These positive, inclusive experiences become an important part of Sarah's Grounded Experiences, providing a counterbalance to the painful memories of rejection and loss, and helping to build her resilience and sense of self-worth.
Sarah's experience of exclusion, while undeniably painful, can also be an opportunity for growth and healing. By providing Sarah with the support, validation, and sense of belonging she needs, Mrs. Johnson and the other members of Sarah's Nurturing Network can help her to develop the skills and resilience needed to cope with social challenges and build healthy relationships. They can help Sarah to find her inner strength, her unique gifts, and her place in the world.
Ultimately, Sarah's journey of healing from exclusion is likely to be a winding trail with many ups and downs. She may need ongoing support, patience, and understanding as she works to regain her footing and continue moving forward. But with the help of her Advocates and Nurturing Network, Sarah can find her way back to a sense of safety, belonging, and hope.
The Wagon Method reminds us that, while the pain of exclusion can feel overwhelming and isolating, no child is ever truly alone on their healing journey. By coming together as a supportive, nurturing community, we can help children like Sarah to navigate the challenges of exclusion and emerge stronger, more resilient, and more connected to themselves and others. We can help them to find their place in the world and to continue moving forward on their path with courage, hope, and the knowledge that they are deeply loved and valued, no matter what obstacles they may face along the way.
Sarah's experience of exclusion likely feels like Rough Terrain, an emotional and mental challenge that makes her healing journey more arduous and painful. She may be struggling with intense feelings of loneliness, rejection, and inadequacy, questioning her place in the world and her value as a person. This Rough Terrain can put a significant strain on Sarah's Wheels of Well-being, shaking her sense of safety, stability, love and acceptance, and identity and value.
The loss of her parents and the subsequent exclusion from her new family may also feel like a series of Hostile Encounters, negative experiences that undermine Sarah's trust, self-esteem, and ability to form connections. These experiences may trigger painful memories of her past trauma and reinforce negative beliefs about herself and her relationships. Sarah may feel vulnerable, exposed, and unsure of how to protect herself from further hurt.
In this challenging moment, Sarah desperately needs her Advocates and Nurturing Network. Mrs. Johnson's kind, patient presence and willingness to sit with Sarah in her pain is a powerful example of the attuned, responsive care that is so essential for helping children navigate the Rough Terrain of exclusion. By validating Sarah's feelings, offering reassurance of her belonging, and advocating for her needs within the family, Mrs. Johnson helps to create a safe, supportive environment where Sarah can begin to process her emotions and experiences.
Over time, Mrs. Johnson's consistent efforts to include Sarah in family activities and nurture her unique strengths and interests may help to counteract the negative impact of exclusion on Sarah's Wheels of Well-being. These positive, inclusive experiences become an important part of Sarah's Grounded Experiences, providing a counterbalance to the painful memories of rejection and loss, and helping to build her resilience and sense of self-worth.
Sarah's experience of exclusion, while undeniably painful, can also be an opportunity for growth and healing. By providing Sarah with the support, validation, and sense of belonging she needs, Mrs. Johnson and the other members of Sarah's Nurturing Network can help her to develop the skills and resilience needed to cope with social challenges and build healthy relationships. They can help Sarah to find her inner strength, her unique gifts, and her place in the world.
Ultimately, Sarah's journey of healing from exclusion is likely to be a winding trail with many ups and downs. She may need ongoing support, patience, and understanding as she works to regain her footing and continue moving forward. But with the help of her Advocates and Nurturing Network, Sarah can find her way back to a sense of safety, belonging, and hope.
The Wagon Method reminds us that, while the pain of exclusion can feel overwhelming and isolating, no child is ever truly alone on their healing journey. By coming together as a supportive, nurturing community, we can help children like Sarah to navigate the challenges of exclusion and emerge stronger, more resilient, and more connected to themselves and others. We can help them to find their place in the world and to continue moving forward on their path with courage, hope, and the knowledge that they are deeply loved and valued, no matter what obstacles they may face along the way.
Supporting Research and Sources
- Barner, D., & Muentener, P. (2020). The power of social exclusion in childhood. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(1), 1-3.
- Newman, B. M., Schwarz, N., & Tan, J. S. (2021). Social connection and well-being in adolescence: A systematic review. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(5), 2201-2229.
- McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019). Childhood adversity and neural development: A systematic review. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1, 277-312.
- Eisenberger, N. I. (2012). The pain of social disconnection: Examining the shared neural underpinnings of physical and social pain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(6), 421-434.
- Eck, J., Schoel, C., & Greifeneder, R. (2016). Coping with or buffering against the negative impact of social exclusion on basic needs: A review of strategies. In P. Riva & J. Eck (Eds.), Social exclusion: Psychological approaches to understanding and reducing its impact (pp. 227-249). Springer International Publishing.
- Sanders, J., Munford, R., Thimasarn-Anwar, T., Liebenberg, L., & Ungar, M. (2015). The role of positive youth development practices in building resilience and enhancing wellbeing for at-risk youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 42, 40-53.
- Oberle, E., Domitrovich, C. E., Meyers, D. C., & Weissberg, R. P. (2016). Establishing systemic social and emotional learning approaches in schools: A framework for schoolwide implementation. Cambridge Journal of Education, 46(3), 277-297.
- Cutuli, J. J., & Herbers, J. E. (2018). Resilience in the context of development: Introduction to the special issue. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(9), 1205-1214.