Anxiety in children is characterized by persistent feelings of worry, fear, and unease that are out of proportion to the situation at hand. These feelings can be triggered by specific situations or can be more generalized, affecting various aspects of the child's life. Anxious children may experience physical symptoms such as sweating, trembling, rapid heartbeat, and stomach discomfort. They may also exhibit behavioral changes, such as avoidance of certain situations, clinginess, irritability, and difficulty concentrating.
When a child experiences anxiety, their amygdala, a region of the brain responsible for processing emotions and detecting threats, becomes hyperactive. This hyperactivity can lead to an exaggerated fear response and the release of stress hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline. In children who have experienced trauma, the brain's stress response system may be altered, making them more susceptible to anxiety. Traumatic experiences can cause the brain to become more sensitive to perceived threats, leading to a heightened state of arousal and a lower threshold for triggering the fight-or-flight response. As a result, children with a history of trauma may be more easily overwhelmed by stressors and may struggle to regulate their emotions, leading to increased anxiety and fearfulness in various situations.
The Unbearable Weight: Exploring Anxiety and Trauma in Children
Anxious children live constantly on high alert, are consumed by a relentless stream of worries and fears that rob them of the carefree joys of childhood. The invisible weight of anxiety bears down upon them, manifesting in physical symptoms that leave them trembling, sweating, and gasping for air. For some of these children, the roots of their anxiety can be traced back to the dark soil of trauma, where painful experiences have left indelible marks on their developing brains, forever altering the way they perceive and respond to the world around them.
Childhood Anxiety: Decoding the Persistent Worries and Unease
Unraveling Childhood Anxiety and Navigating The Difficult Past
Anxiety in a child with a difficult background, as viewed through the lens of the Wagon Method, can be understood as a manifestation of the complex interplay between their Wheels of Well-being, Grounded Experiences, and Outside Obstacles. The child's anxiety may be rooted in a sense of emotional and physical insecurity, stemming from past traumatic experiences or ongoing environmental stressors that have compromised their foundational need for safety and stability.
The child's Grounded Experiences, which encompass their life history and memories, may be heavily laden with traumatic events, unstable relationships, or chronic stress. These experiences can weigh down the child's emotional "wagon," making it more difficult for them to cope with the challenges of daily life. The child may struggle to process and integrate these experiences in a healthy way, leading to a heightened sense of vulnerability, hypervigilance, and fear.
Furthermore, the child may be facing significant Outside Obstacles, such as ongoing family conflicts, social challenges, or academic pressures. These external stressors can exacerbate the child's anxiety, as they may feel overwhelmed and ill-equipped to navigate these challenges on their own. The child may experience a sense of helplessness or hopelessness, feeling as though they are constantly fighting an uphill battle against forces beyond their control.
In this context, the child's anxiety can be seen as a natural response to the heavy emotional burden they are carrying, as well as the ongoing threats and challenges they perceive in their environment. Their anxiety may manifest in various ways, such as difficulty sleeping, irritability, avoidance behaviors, or somatic complaints. These symptoms can further compromise the child's Wheels of Well-being, creating a vicious cycle of stress and emotional dysregulation.
To support a child with anxiety through the Wagon Method, caregivers and advocates must focus on strengthening the child's foundation of safety and stability, while also helping them to process and integrate their Grounded Experiences in a healthy way. This may involve providing a consistent, nurturing environment where the child feels seen, heard, and valued. Advocates can help the child to develop coping strategies and emotional regulation skills, such as deep breathing, mindfulness, or cognitive reframing, to better manage their anxiety symptoms.
Additionally, it is crucial to address the Outside Obstacles that may be contributing to the child's anxiety. This may involve advocating for the child's needs at school, connecting the family with community resources and support services, or working to create a more stable and predictable home environment. By reducing the external stressors and challenges the child is facing, we can help to lighten the load on their emotional wagon and create more space for healing and growth.
Throughout this process, it is essential to surround the child with a robust Nurturing Network of supportive individuals and communities. This network can provide a sense of belonging, validation, and encouragement, helping the child to feel less alone and more equipped to face the challenges of their journey. By offering consistent emotional support, practical assistance, and a listening ear, the Nurturing Network can help to buffer the impact of the child's anxiety and promote resilience.
Ultimately, addressing anxiety in a child with a difficult background through the Wagon Method requires a holistic, collaborative approach that attends to the child's unique needs and experiences. By tending to the child's Wheels of Well-being, helping them to process their Grounded Experiences, navigating Outside Obstacles, and cultivating a strong Nurturing Network, we can help the child to build the skills, resilience, and sense of safety needed to manage their anxiety and continue moving forward on their healing journey.
The child's Grounded Experiences, which encompass their life history and memories, may be heavily laden with traumatic events, unstable relationships, or chronic stress. These experiences can weigh down the child's emotional "wagon," making it more difficult for them to cope with the challenges of daily life. The child may struggle to process and integrate these experiences in a healthy way, leading to a heightened sense of vulnerability, hypervigilance, and fear.
Furthermore, the child may be facing significant Outside Obstacles, such as ongoing family conflicts, social challenges, or academic pressures. These external stressors can exacerbate the child's anxiety, as they may feel overwhelmed and ill-equipped to navigate these challenges on their own. The child may experience a sense of helplessness or hopelessness, feeling as though they are constantly fighting an uphill battle against forces beyond their control.
In this context, the child's anxiety can be seen as a natural response to the heavy emotional burden they are carrying, as well as the ongoing threats and challenges they perceive in their environment. Their anxiety may manifest in various ways, such as difficulty sleeping, irritability, avoidance behaviors, or somatic complaints. These symptoms can further compromise the child's Wheels of Well-being, creating a vicious cycle of stress and emotional dysregulation.
To support a child with anxiety through the Wagon Method, caregivers and advocates must focus on strengthening the child's foundation of safety and stability, while also helping them to process and integrate their Grounded Experiences in a healthy way. This may involve providing a consistent, nurturing environment where the child feels seen, heard, and valued. Advocates can help the child to develop coping strategies and emotional regulation skills, such as deep breathing, mindfulness, or cognitive reframing, to better manage their anxiety symptoms.
Additionally, it is crucial to address the Outside Obstacles that may be contributing to the child's anxiety. This may involve advocating for the child's needs at school, connecting the family with community resources and support services, or working to create a more stable and predictable home environment. By reducing the external stressors and challenges the child is facing, we can help to lighten the load on their emotional wagon and create more space for healing and growth.
Throughout this process, it is essential to surround the child with a robust Nurturing Network of supportive individuals and communities. This network can provide a sense of belonging, validation, and encouragement, helping the child to feel less alone and more equipped to face the challenges of their journey. By offering consistent emotional support, practical assistance, and a listening ear, the Nurturing Network can help to buffer the impact of the child's anxiety and promote resilience.
Ultimately, addressing anxiety in a child with a difficult background through the Wagon Method requires a holistic, collaborative approach that attends to the child's unique needs and experiences. By tending to the child's Wheels of Well-being, helping them to process their Grounded Experiences, navigating Outside Obstacles, and cultivating a strong Nurturing Network, we can help the child to build the skills, resilience, and sense of safety needed to manage their anxiety and continue moving forward on their healing journey.
List of Services
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Anxious Anxious children live constantly on high alert, are consumed by a relentless stream of worries and fears that rob them of the carefree joys of childhood. The invisible weight of anxiety bears down upon them, manifesting in physical symptoms that leave them trembling, sweating, and gasping for air. For some of these children, the roots of their anxiety can be traced back to the dark soil of trauma, where painful experiences have left indelible marks on their developing brains, forever altering the way they perceive and respond to the world around them.Anxious
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Embarrassed Have you ever felt your cheeks burn with self-conscious emotion, wishing you could disappear into thin air? This complex emotion emerges when a child perceives themselves as exposed, whether it's due to a mistake made in front of others, being singled out, or failing to meet social expectations. Embarrassment plays a crucial role in a child's development, helping them navigate the intricate web of social norms and boundaries, but for those who have experienced trauma, this feeling can be amplified to an overwhelming degree.Embarrassed
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Excluded For children, the pain of exclusion can be particularly acute, as their social connections and sense of belonging are vital pillars in their emotional well-being and overall development. Tragically, for children who have endured trauma, the feeling of exclusion can trigger a heightened stress response in the brain, leading to a cascade of emotional and behavioral challenges that can have far-reaching consequences.Excluded
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Fearful Fearful children may startle easily, struggle to separate from their caregivers, and avoid situations or objects that they perceive as threatening, leading to significant challenges in their social and emotional development. Understanding the underlying causes of fearfulness, such as traumatic experiences that can alter brain development and heighten the sensitivity of the threat response system, is crucial for providing effective support and interventions to help these children overcome their fears and thrive.Fearful
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Frightened When a child is frightened, their world is suddenly turned upside down by an overwhelming sense of terror and vulnerability. The physical and emotional responses that accompany this intense fear can be both distressing and all-consuming, leaving the child feeling helpless and desperate for safety. For children who have experienced trauma, the fear response can be even more severe, easily triggered by reminders of past traumatic events. Trauma-informed parenting approaches aim to provide a safe haven for these children, offering understanding, stability, and nurturing support to help them navigate their fears and begin the journey towards emotional healing.Frightened
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Insecure In the face of life's uncertainties, some children find themselves grappling with an all-consuming sense of insecurity that permeates their very being. This insecurity, a relentless companion, whispers doubts about their worth, abilities, and the stability of their relationships, leaving them in a constant state of unease. The roots of this insecurity often lie in the soil of past traumas, where the fear of abandonment, rejection, or failure has taken hold, casting a shadow over their young lives.Insecure
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Nervous Nervousness, a close companion of fear, grips children in its unsettling embrace, causing their hearts to race and their minds to wrestle with worries both real and imagined. This uneasy emotion can spring from various sources, from the unfamiliarity of new surroundings to the anticipation of a daunting challenge, leaving children with sweaty palms and a fluttering sensation in their stomachs. For those who have experienced trauma, the amygdala – the brain's emotional processing center – becomes hyperactive, heightening their sensitivity to potential threats and leaving them more susceptible to the clutches of nervousness. Trauma's lingering impact can manifest in heightened anxiety, emotional reactivity, and difficulty regulating emotions, leading children to cope through avoidance or aggression as they navigate the turbulent waters of their nervous feelings.Nervous
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Panic For children who have experienced trauma, this state of panic can be easily triggered by even the smallest of stressors, as their brain's threat detection system has become hypersensitive due to the lasting impact of their past experiences. Trauma-informed parenting is crucial in helping these children navigate their panic and fear, providing them with a safe haven where they can feel validated, supported, and empowered to develop the coping skills needed to tame their inner demons.Panic
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Regret For children who have experienced trauma, regret can be particularly intense, as they may grapple with feelings of self-blame, worthlessness, or helplessness, which can be further compounded by the heightened activity in the amygdala, leading to increased anxiety and stress. The manifestation of regret in children who have experienced trauma can take many forms, such as excessive apologizing, self-criticism, withdrawal, or seeking reassurance, as they navigate the challenges of trust and forming healthy relationships while fearing the prospect of causing disappointment or being abandoned.Regret
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Scared Fear is a powerful emotion that can grip a child's heart and mind, leaving them feeling vulnerable and unsure in the face of perceived danger. When a child is scared, their world suddenly becomes a place filled with shadows and uncertainty, where every unfamiliar sound or sight could potentially harm them. This intense experience is a natural response hardwired into their developing brains, designed to protect them from threats both real and imagined. By understanding the complexities of a child's fear response, we can better support them through these challenging moments and help them build the resilience needed to navigate an often-unpredictable world.Scared
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Shy Shyness in children is a perplexing phenomenon that can leave parents and caregivers feeling helpless and concerned. These children, often characterized by their reluctance to engage in social situations and their tendency to seek refuge behind familiar faces, are not merely introverted or reserved. Rather, their behavior is rooted in a deep-seated fear of the unknown, a trepidation that can be traced back to the intricate workings of their developing brains. While shyness is a common part of childhood development, it can be amplified by traumatic experiences, leading to a more pronounced and persistent form of social anxiety.Shy
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Terrified In a world where childhood should be filled with laughter and joy, the reality for some children is a stark contrast, as they find themselves gripped by an all-consuming terror. When a child is terrified, their world becomes a frightening place, where even the most ordinary experiences can trigger an overwhelming sense of fear and distress. This intense emotional state can manifest in a range of physical and emotional responses, from uncontrollable shaking and crying to a desperate need for safety and protection. The impact of terror on a child's developing brain can be profound, leaving lasting imprints that shape their emotional and behavioral well-being for years to come.Terrified
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Worried When a child is trapped in a cycle of worry, their young mind becomes consumed by a relentless undercurrent of unease and fear. This emotional whirlpool can be especially turbulent for children who have endured the scars of trauma, as their brains have been rewired to perceive threats lurking around every corner. The weight of these worries can manifest in myriad ways, from clinging tightly to caregivers for reassurance to avoiding situations that trigger their deepest fears. Trapped in this storm of anxiety, these children often struggle to find solace, their days haunted by the specter of "what if" scenarios that rob them of the carefree joys of childhood.Worried
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Disconnected In a world where connection is the foundation of human thriving, the state of disconnection in a child is a haunting reality that demands our attention. When a child feels emotionally distant, detached, and isolated from others, they are often trapped in a vortex of fear, their young minds grappling with the aftershocks of trauma that have shattered their sense of safety and trust. The very essence of their being is torn asunder, as they withdraw from the warmth of social interactions, their hearts yearning for close bonds that seem forever out of reach, and their emotions locked away in a fortress of silence. The echoes of their pain reverberate through their brain, a symphony of hyperactivity in the amygdala and impairment in the hippocampus, manifesting in a kaleidoscope of emotional outbursts, aggression, clinginess, or extreme shyness, a testament to the depth of their struggle to process and cope with the weight of their experiences.Disconnected
Related Fearful
The Story of feeling Anxious
Clutching Her Doll, Braving the Trail: Sarah's Story of Childhood Anxiety
Sarah clutched her tattered rag doll close to her chest as the wagon lurched over another rock in the rough trail. At just eight years old, she had already experienced more loss and upheaval than most face in a lifetime. Her parents passed away from cholera two years ago, leaving her an orphan. She stayed briefly with an aunt and uncle, but they could barely feed their own children. So when a neighboring family heading west offered to take Sarah along to watch their young ones, her relatives readily agreed.
Now here she was, months into an arduous cross-country journey to an unknown land and future. The Martins were kind enough, but Sarah always felt like an outsider and burden, not truly part of their family. At night, worries raced through her mind - what if the Martins abandoned her along the way? What if they changed their minds and sent her back east alone? What if something happened to them - how would she survive?
Sarah was on edge every waking moment, her body tense and stomach in knots. She hardly ate, despite Mrs. Martin's encouragement. Sudden noises made her jump. Sarah so badly wanted to feel safe and secure, but an unrelenting sense of dread gnawed at her. Surely some new catastrophe waited around every bend - a wagon wheel breaking, a snake bite, or Native American ambush.
The other children laughed and played during rest stops, but Sarah hung back, anxiously scanning the horizon for signs of trouble. Clutching her doll, she'd whisper all her fears, desperately wishing Ma and Pa were still alive. Tears sprang to her eyes but Sarah fiercely blinked them back. Don't be a burden, don't make a fuss, she told herself sternly. No one wanted a sniveling worrywart child.
So Sarah suffered her anxiety in silence on the long trek west. She put on a brave face, but inside she was a trembling mess of raw nerves, waiting for disaster to strike and her small world to be upended yet again. Would relief and peace ever come? She could only grip her doll and pray it would. Surely if they could make it to Oregon, everything would be alright. It had to be. Sarah didn't know how much more her anxious little heart and mind could endure.
Now here she was, months into an arduous cross-country journey to an unknown land and future. The Martins were kind enough, but Sarah always felt like an outsider and burden, not truly part of their family. At night, worries raced through her mind - what if the Martins abandoned her along the way? What if they changed their minds and sent her back east alone? What if something happened to them - how would she survive?
Sarah was on edge every waking moment, her body tense and stomach in knots. She hardly ate, despite Mrs. Martin's encouragement. Sudden noises made her jump. Sarah so badly wanted to feel safe and secure, but an unrelenting sense of dread gnawed at her. Surely some new catastrophe waited around every bend - a wagon wheel breaking, a snake bite, or Native American ambush.
The other children laughed and played during rest stops, but Sarah hung back, anxiously scanning the horizon for signs of trouble. Clutching her doll, she'd whisper all her fears, desperately wishing Ma and Pa were still alive. Tears sprang to her eyes but Sarah fiercely blinked them back. Don't be a burden, don't make a fuss, she told herself sternly. No one wanted a sniveling worrywart child.
So Sarah suffered her anxiety in silence on the long trek west. She put on a brave face, but inside she was a trembling mess of raw nerves, waiting for disaster to strike and her small world to be upended yet again. Would relief and peace ever come? She could only grip her doll and pray it would. Surely if they could make it to Oregon, everything would be alright. It had to be. Sarah didn't know how much more her anxious little heart and mind could endure.
The Story Explained Through the Wagon Method
The Anxious Trail: Sarah's Pioneering Journey Through Trauma
What a powerful and heart-wrenching story of young Sarah's experiences on the Oregon Trail. Through the lens of the Wagon Method, we see how anxiety manifests in a child with a difficult background like Sarah's, and the complex interplay between her Wheels of Well-being, Grounded Experiences, and the Outside Obstacles she faces on this arduous journey.
Sarah's Wheels of Well-being have been significantly compromised by the traumatic losses and upheavals she's endured. The deaths of her parents and being uprooted from aunt and uncle have left gaping holes in her foundational needs for safety, stability, love and acceptance. Without that secure base, she feels unmoored, an outsider constantly on edge waiting for the next catastrophe. Her identity is one of an orphan, a burden - not a cherished child.
These core experiences weigh heavily in Sarah's wagon, her Grounded Experiences. The trauma waters of grief, abandonment and instability slosh precariously, threatening to swamp her entirely. Happy memories of Ma, Pa and a loving home are eclipsed by more recent troubles. She has few inner resources or coping tools to draw upon beyond clinging to her doll and a desperate, wishful hope if they can just make it to Oregon, everything will be alright.
And yet Sarah's wagon must keep navigating the relentless Outside Obstacles of the trail. The daily rough terrain of the jarring wagon and grueling pace mirror her inner turmoil. Snakes, accidents, ambushes - disaster looms around every bend in her anxious mind. She can never rest, never feel safe. Any change in routine or homeostasis registers as a life-threatening River Crossing to her hypervigilant nervous system. Even the Martins' attempts at kindness feel precarious, overshadowed by the potential Hostile Encounter of them abandoning her or sending her away. Sarah is in constant survival mode.
Without steady Advocates to regulate her nervous system and shore up her Wheels, or a robust Nurturing Network beyond this one tenuous connection to the Martins, Sarah suffers alone. The Martins may note her jumpiness and poor appetite, but her silence masks the depth of her distress. She lacks the words or trust to express her fears. Anxiety becomes both a response to Sarah's environment and experiences, and an obstacle in its own right to seeking/receiving comfort and support. It's a vicious cycle with no relief valve as the wagon pushes on.
What Sarah desperately needs is for the Wagon Train to circle round and tend to her Wheels of Well-being. To stop fleeing forward and create a moment of safety and stability. To unpack those heavy Grounded Experiences with empathy so she doesn't bear them alone. She needs patient Advocates to validate her fears as understandable, while offering soothing reassurance, coping tools, and a calm, regulating presence to help her settle. Diversions, chores, and peer play could widen her Nurturing Network and identity beyond "anxious orphan."
Most vitally, Sarah needs steady messages that she is precious cargo on this trail, not a burden - that the Martins value and delight in her, and are fully committed to her care come what may. She needs to borrow their bigger perspective that hardships and dangers will pass, and their confidence they will overcome obstacles together. Gradually, these external assurances and support could become inner resources Sarah carries within herself.
The Wagon Method recognizes it's a long, iterative journey to restore shattered Wheels and rework Grounded Experiences. There's no quick fix to vanquish Sarah's anxiety after all she's endured. It will rise and fall, and sometimes feel insurmountable. But with the Martins' unconditional acceptance, Sarah can begin to express her fears, build tools to manage them, and widen her sense of identity, perspective and possibility. She can experience herself as an increasingly resilient pioneer woman, able to surmount obstacles with creativity, courage and connection to others.
This is the hope the Wagon Method offers Sarah and all children with difficult beginnings - not an easy road, but a hopeful one, where adversity is met with attuned care to bolster their resources and resolve. Where the burdens of the past can be countered with the blessings of community, until bit by bit, a battered wagon and weary child are restored, and freed to chart a brighter course up ahead. It will take grit and faith some days to circle Sarah's wagon, but the Wagon Method affirms she's well worth fighting for. Her present anxiety needn't dictate her future. With the right support, she can and will make it to her Oregon.
Sarah's Wheels of Well-being have been significantly compromised by the traumatic losses and upheavals she's endured. The deaths of her parents and being uprooted from aunt and uncle have left gaping holes in her foundational needs for safety, stability, love and acceptance. Without that secure base, she feels unmoored, an outsider constantly on edge waiting for the next catastrophe. Her identity is one of an orphan, a burden - not a cherished child.
These core experiences weigh heavily in Sarah's wagon, her Grounded Experiences. The trauma waters of grief, abandonment and instability slosh precariously, threatening to swamp her entirely. Happy memories of Ma, Pa and a loving home are eclipsed by more recent troubles. She has few inner resources or coping tools to draw upon beyond clinging to her doll and a desperate, wishful hope if they can just make it to Oregon, everything will be alright.
And yet Sarah's wagon must keep navigating the relentless Outside Obstacles of the trail. The daily rough terrain of the jarring wagon and grueling pace mirror her inner turmoil. Snakes, accidents, ambushes - disaster looms around every bend in her anxious mind. She can never rest, never feel safe. Any change in routine or homeostasis registers as a life-threatening River Crossing to her hypervigilant nervous system. Even the Martins' attempts at kindness feel precarious, overshadowed by the potential Hostile Encounter of them abandoning her or sending her away. Sarah is in constant survival mode.
Without steady Advocates to regulate her nervous system and shore up her Wheels, or a robust Nurturing Network beyond this one tenuous connection to the Martins, Sarah suffers alone. The Martins may note her jumpiness and poor appetite, but her silence masks the depth of her distress. She lacks the words or trust to express her fears. Anxiety becomes both a response to Sarah's environment and experiences, and an obstacle in its own right to seeking/receiving comfort and support. It's a vicious cycle with no relief valve as the wagon pushes on.
What Sarah desperately needs is for the Wagon Train to circle round and tend to her Wheels of Well-being. To stop fleeing forward and create a moment of safety and stability. To unpack those heavy Grounded Experiences with empathy so she doesn't bear them alone. She needs patient Advocates to validate her fears as understandable, while offering soothing reassurance, coping tools, and a calm, regulating presence to help her settle. Diversions, chores, and peer play could widen her Nurturing Network and identity beyond "anxious orphan."
Most vitally, Sarah needs steady messages that she is precious cargo on this trail, not a burden - that the Martins value and delight in her, and are fully committed to her care come what may. She needs to borrow their bigger perspective that hardships and dangers will pass, and their confidence they will overcome obstacles together. Gradually, these external assurances and support could become inner resources Sarah carries within herself.
The Wagon Method recognizes it's a long, iterative journey to restore shattered Wheels and rework Grounded Experiences. There's no quick fix to vanquish Sarah's anxiety after all she's endured. It will rise and fall, and sometimes feel insurmountable. But with the Martins' unconditional acceptance, Sarah can begin to express her fears, build tools to manage them, and widen her sense of identity, perspective and possibility. She can experience herself as an increasingly resilient pioneer woman, able to surmount obstacles with creativity, courage and connection to others.
This is the hope the Wagon Method offers Sarah and all children with difficult beginnings - not an easy road, but a hopeful one, where adversity is met with attuned care to bolster their resources and resolve. Where the burdens of the past can be countered with the blessings of community, until bit by bit, a battered wagon and weary child are restored, and freed to chart a brighter course up ahead. It will take grit and faith some days to circle Sarah's wagon, but the Wagon Method affirms she's well worth fighting for. Her present anxiety needn't dictate her future. With the right support, she can and will make it to her Oregon.
Supporting Research and Sources
- Blackford, J. U., & Pine, D. S. (2012). Neural substrates of childhood anxiety disorders: A review of neuroimaging findings. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(3), 501-525.
- Figley, C. R., Ellis, A. E., & Reuther, B. T. (2015). The study of trauma: A historical overview. In K. E. Cherry (Ed.), Traumatic stress and long-term recovery (pp. 37-77). Springer.
- Herringa, R. J. (2017). Trauma, PTSD, and the developing brain. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(10), 1-9.
- Wehry, A. M., Beesdo-Baum, K., Hennelly, M. M., Connolly, S. D., & Strawn, J. R. (2015). Assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(7), 1-19.